A few days ago, I finished reading Michael J.
Svigel’s, Retro-Christianity – Reclaiming the Forgotten Faith (Google Books preview).
Joining a small, but growing number of evangelical
writers, Svigel in this 2012 book, challenges his fellow evangelicals to
explore the history of Christianity in a much fuller sense. He begins the book
with a look back at the 1990’s when he, "was a student at a conservative
evangelical Bible College" [p. 17], and relates that, “one of my fellow
students shocked many in the student body (and alarmed many professors) when he
announced he was becoming Greek Orthodox“ [p. 17]. He then. “heard about a free
church evangelical who becames Anglican [p.17], and “about a Baptist who
converted to Roman Catholicism” [p.17]. He also , “learned that many Low Church
or free church Protestants hand left what they regarded as evangelical
‘wilderness wanderings’ to follow the 'Roman Road,’ the ‘Way to
Constantinople,' or the ‘Canterbury Trail.’" "Over and over again”, Svigel
“kept running into more examples like these: men and women leaving the open
fields of of free roaming evangelicalism for the gated gardens of a clearly
defined denomination" [pp. 17. 18].
Svigel goes on to identify three categories that these
converts from evangelicalism fell into:
aversion-driven converts, attraction-driven converts, and preference-driven
converts [p.18].
“The aversion-driven converts are those who simply
have had enough of of Low Church, free-church, or no-church
evangelicalism" [p.18].
“The attraction-driven converts...claim they were
compelled to forsake their evangelical tradition because of their study of
church history” [p.19].
“Finally, the preference-driven converts are
motivated not by the ills evangelicalism
or the merits of classic Christian denominations, but by personal
preferences regarding worship” [p.19].
After stating that evangelicalism appears “to be spinning
out of control, losing appeal to younger generations, dwindling in numbers, or
selling out to pop culture to muster a crowd”, Svigel then asks two questions:
“Where is evangelicalism headed? What can we do about it?" [Page 20]
The above questions are immediately followed with a
detailed description of the intent/focus of the book—note the following:
This book will introduce to evangelicals the historical
theological branches of the Christian faith that have grown through the
Patristic, medieval, Reformation, and modern eras. RetroChristianity seeks
to challenge us to begin thinking both critically and constructively about
history and how it informs our current beliefs, values, and practices as
evangelicals. However, unlike many attempts to change the present by looking to
the past, this book also begins exploring practical ways for both individuals
and churches to apply its principals today. Arguing that the way forward is to
draw on the wisdom of the whole Christian past, RetroChristianity not
only points out the trailhead of the biblical, historical, and theological
path, but it supplies provisions for the journey without forsaking the healthy
developments that have benefited Christianity along the way.
Svigel’s book is a multifaceted treatment. Though
ultimately an apologetic work for independent/free church evangelicalism, it is
also an introduction to the important topic of doctrinal development, and
offers a working theory as to how one can identify true developments from false
ones, using Vincent of Lérins famous ‘rule’—correct doctrine is “that faith
which has which has been believed everywhere, always, by all”—as a starting
point. Svigel interprets Vincent’s 'rule' as, "the core teachings of
the Christian faith [that] must never change" [p. 55].
On pages 83-143 (Part Two: RetroOrtohoxy: Preserving the
Faith for the Future), Svigel builds upon Vincent’s 'rule' with what he terms
the three “Canons of RetroChristianity”. The first canon is: "Some Things
Never Change and Never Should". The second is: "Some Things Have
Never Been the Same and Never Will Be". And the third: "Some Things
Grow Clear through Trial and Error".
I am sure most folk will agree with the stated principles
of Svigel’s three canons. However, I am just as sure that most non-Evangelicals
will disagree with much of the content that he places in each of those three
canons.
On page 143, Svigel introduces the reader to “Part Three:
RetroClesiology: Beyond the Preference Driven Church” [pages 145-218]—“With
these three principles [i.e. the three canons] as our guide, we now can tackle
two of the most vital areas affecting evangelicalism today: the church and the
Christian life.”
In "Part Three" Svigel identifies four "myths” concerning the Church: first, “The Church is Merely a Human
Organization"; second, "The Church Is a Supermarket of Spiritual
Groceries"; third, "The Church Is Just a Gathering of a Few
Believers"; and fourth, “The Church Is Optional" [pages 146-162]. The
four myths are then followed by the, “Four Classic Marks of the Historical Body
of Christ”: "one, holy, catholic and apostolic” [pages 162-172].
Svigel’s definitions of "one, holy, catholic and
apostolic” are all violations of Vincent’s ‘rule’ in that they have their
origin in the 16th century via the Reformation and cannot be found in the
extant Christian writings prior to that revolt.
On pages 173-198, Svigel delineates what he believes are
the “essential marks” of a valid “local church: “orthodoxy, order, and ordinaces.”
His understanding of what the mark of “order” means is one of the more
interesting parts of the book for me, in that he seems to part with most
evangelicals view. Svigel maintains, “that the leadership offices in the church
established by the apostles must continue in our day” (page 178), and “that the
New Testament apostles and prophets intended that local Christian churches
reflect a threefold office later identified with the terms episkopos (overseer),
presbyteroi (elders), diakonoi (ministers).” (Ibid.)
The final section of the book, “Part Four: RetroSpirituality:
Living the Forgotten Faith Today” [pages 219-279] deals primarily with the
local church’s role in the sanctification of Christians. For me, this is the most
disappointing part of the book in that his evangelical understanding
of soteriology has caused him to misread and/or redefine what Christian theologians/writers
taught prior to the Reformation period. One example concerns baptism—note the
following:
Let me make one final note regarding baptism in order to clarify a common misunderstanding. Although the idea of “baptismal
regeneration" is universal among the early church fathers, it should not
be confused with the notion of “baptismal salvation" common in later
church history. In the early church, the term “regeneration" or being
"born again" originally referred to a practical change in
lifestyle. [Page 237]
Though Svigel is correct in affirming that, “the idea of
‘baptismal regeneration’ is universal among the early church fathers”, he is
certainly in error in his belief that “[i]n the early church, the term
‘regeneration’ or being ‘born again’ originally referred to a practical
change in lifestyle.”
In ending my review, I would like to recommend Svigel's
book to those interested in the subject of doctrinal development. Though the
book has some serious weaknesses, its strengths outweigh them.
Grace and peace,